Final: Fabrication

Friendly Fabrication Partner Form
Friendly Fabrication Critique Form
End of the Year Survey

Deadline: 6/8/15

Introduction

Interpreting dimensioned drawings is an important engineering skill. Using drawings to create a computer model of a part or product is also important. Communicating information effectively allows a group of people to function as a design team.

In this project you will further develop your modeling skills and your ability to use a computer as an efficient communication tool. The skills that you learned earlier in this course will be systematically applied to model and fabricate a 3D object.

Concepts

• Researching the pros and cons of 3D printing
• Understanding that technical drawings convey information according to an established set of drawing practices which allow for detailed and universal interpretation of the drawing
• Advanced modeling features, as a way of creating three-dimensional solid models of complex parts and assemblies within CAD, using appropriate geometric and dimensional constraints
• Collaboration with fabricators

Procedure

• Research:

How long will it take to have your part printed? What will it cost? Where will it be coming from? What specifications will you need to share with them? Research the 3D printing process. Determine which facility/fabricator will best serve your needs -- specifically, the size and weight specifications that meet expected cost.

• Sketch:

What part would you like to see fabricated? What constraints will you need to work within? Create multiview sketches of your part in your engineering notebook.

• CAD:

How will you transform your 2D sketch into a 3D model? Model your sketches in Inventor.

• Fabricate:

Share your .STL files with a fabricator, and document your fabricated object.

Deliverables

• Research notes on the pros and cons of 3D printing
• Multiview sketches of your object
• Assembly file of your parts
• .STL file of your object
• Fabricated object made by someone else

Conclusion

Complete a reflection for the following topics as they relate to your own work. Provide facts and evidence to support your opinions.

• What do you think of when you see something that comes from a machine? How is it different when it’s made by a human?
• Are working drawings always necessary in order to communicate the design of a consumer product? Justify your answer.
• Animated assemblies are not typically included as part of the technical documentation of a design. How can 3D animated assembly models of an object or a proposed design be used in the design process? Beyond the design process?

Maker Faire Reflection Post

Designing and building a game from scratch is a challenging process, even more so when working with a big team and on a short timeline. The beta test of Adrastus at Maker Faire was very well received! Take some time to review the survey responses (via the WHS Intro to Design Drive account), and discuss next steps. Specifically:

• How did the Maker Faire Design Showcase meet your expectations? What do you feel was successful about our showcase? What would you plan to do differently next time?
• Did you find any of the other showcases at Maker Faire to be inspirational?
• What did you notice to be the overwhelming response from those that filled out the survey?
• Knowing what we know now from the beta test, what would you like to see happen next in this game design process?
• Be sure to include documentation you took at Maker Faire.

Dimensioning Standards

The basic standard dimensioning method established by the American National Standards Institute and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ANSI or ASME) is used to apply measurements to parts to enable clear communication. In order to communicate effectively, a person needs to understand the rules of the language and to follow the standards set down so that anyone who reads the dimensioned drawing will understand the intent and then be able to manufacture the part correctly.

Continue your practice of dimensioning by applying the appropriate dimensions and learning to understand the thought process that is used to create a clear and concise message regarding the size and shape of an object or product.

Deliverables:

1. Post all 3 drawings of the dimensioned parts you created.
2. Write a reflection on your process addressing these points:

• What is the difference between size dimensioning and location dimensions?
• What is the difference between chain dimensioning and datum dimensioning? Which method generally results in smaller dimensional deviation in manufactured parts?
• What are the similarities and differences between communicating about an object or product part through a dimensioned drawing and through a written description?

Additional Resources:

Dimensioning Standards Power Point

Maker Faire Game Research

We'll need to work as a team to design our showcase concept Maker Faire, but first brainstorm on your own to determine the types of games you're inspired by. Pick one game to research more deeply, and write a post outlining these points:

• What is the game like?
• How was it developed?
• Who developed it?
• Why was it created?
• Was is this game intriguing to you?
• Include documentation of the game (photos/videos)

To fill out the Interviewing an Engineer survey, please click here.

Reverse Engineering

What is it about an object that captures a person’s attention? Its function—the speed, efficiency, reliability?  Its form— the color, shape, proportion? With an understanding of form follows function, and some insight into the visual design principles and elements, you will be able to create products that capture the attention and imagination of the viewer. 

This week, working in a team of two or three, you will act as an engineering team for a novelty toy company. Your company has noticed the skyrocketing sales of the Automoblox vehicles and would like to design accessories or enhancements that can be purchased separately but will work with the existing toys. As a first step, your team has been assigned the task of reverse engineering one of the Automoblox vehicles. This will follow a process of visual analysis, functional analysis, and structural analysis.

Deliverables

Monday, 2/23:

• Intro to Reverse Engineering + Maker Faire prep

Tuesday, 2/24:

• Visual analysis of Automoblox

Wednesday, 2/25:

• Functional analysis of Automoblox

Thursday, 2/26:

• Structural analysis of Automoblox

• Reverse Engineering Reflection Post

Friday, 2/27:

• Instant Challenge

Reflection Post

How do visual design principles and elements impact the commercial appeal of a product?

What does a black box represent in the system input/output model?

Why do engineers perform reverse engineering on products, and how would you describe it in your own words?

Part of the mission of Automoblox is to "offer a high quality building system that will delight and inspire children while fostering the development of important skills and learning foundations." If given the opportunity, how would you improve the Automoblox design (visually, functionally, or structurally) while furthering the mission of the company at minimal cost?

Geometry of Design

A CAD model can quickly display an engineer’s ideas in a realistic way. And once an engineer has developed a model in CAD representing an idea, the idea can be shared much more easily with a wider audience. As is the case with technical sketching, CAD models must begin as sketches of points, lines, and shapes. However, a computer model can be much more accurate and precise than a freehand sketch. The lines of a CAD sketch can be drawn perfectly straight (or perfectly circular), with start and end points that occur in exact locations in space. A line may also be given precise length through the use of dimensions. If more than one line is being sketched, they can be made perfectly parallel or perpendicular or shown at a precise angle. CAD programs give designers the ability to sketch any kind of geometry and provide the ability to dimension, extend, rotate, mirror, copy and paste, pattern, move, and trim (to name a few tools) that geometry. Whereas hand-drawn representations are made to appear three dimensional by the strategic placement of additional points, lines, and shapes, CAD sketches can be transformed into 3D models using features that appear to add and manipulate material. As a result, within the software designers can extrude, revolve, or sweep a sketch such that the two dimensional sketch appears to become a solid form that can be electronically manipulated and viewed from any angle. Once a 3D model is created, the solid form can be hollowed out or the edges can be rounded.  

Deliverables

Tuesday, 2/17:

• Intro to Geometry in CAD + Brainstorming Maker Faire

Wednesday, 2/18:

• CAD Model Features 

Thursday, 2/12:

• CAD Model Features

Friday, 2/13:

• Instant Challenge

Reflection Post

What are the various geometric shapes and how are they defined by their characteristics?

How are physical properties of objects used to define design requirements?

What advantages do CAD programs provide over traditional paper and pencil design? What advantages does paper and pencil design provide over CAD?

Geometric Constraints

Trampoline by Joshua Jenkins

Geometric shapes are found everywhere. Take a moment to analyze products or objects you use every day. Geometric shapes and solids are the basis of these products. Engineers who have a strong understanding of these shapes, solids, and other geometric relationships can help designers develop and create solutions to a variety of problems. As designers progress through the design process and these design solutions are formalized, the level of accuracy and precision in the design specifications must increase. Conceptual sketches are converted to computer models and formal drawings, which include annotations describing the size and characteristics of the design features. A strong understanding of shapes and other geometric relationships is necessary to effectively and efficiently develop these computer and graphic representations.

Deliverables

Monday, 2/9:

• Discuss geometric constraints
• Calculating Properties of Shapes

Tuesday, 2/10:

• Inventor Research

Wednesday, 2/11:

• Review Calculating Properties of Shapes

Thursday, 2/12:

• Teach What You Know: Understanding Inventor

Friday, 2/13:

• Instant Challenge

Reflection Post

1. What shapes did you use in the design of your model shelter, and why did you choose those shapes?

2. What angles resulted from the shapes you chose?

3. What was the overall surface area of the shelter’s exterior? What material would you cover the outside of your shelter with, and how much of it would you need?

4. What was the overall surface area of the shelter’s interior? Approximately, how many people would comfortably fit in your shelter?

5. What external load factors did you taken into account for your shelter? How did you design your shelter model to meet those constraints?

6. How did you consider “form follows function” in the design of your shelter?

Form Follows Function

If an object has to perform a certain function, its design must support that function to the fullest extent possible. The saying "Form follows function" was coined by the American architect Louis Sullivan in his article "The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered" published in 1896. This 'tall office building' soon came to be known as the skyscraper. He expressed the efficiency of modern architecture with his famous quote:

"It is the pervading law of all things organic, and inorganic, of all things physical and metaphysical, of all things human and all things super-human, of all true manifestations of the head, of the heart, of the soul, that the life is recognizable in its expression, that form ever follows function. This is the law."

Consider the design process and how it was applied to selected objects and systems. How did required functionality affect the specifics of the design? Complete a quantitative analysis of an object. Compare functional requirements with aesthetic values. Using lessons learned, exercise judgement of a product's function and how it affects design.

Deliverables

Monday, 2/2:

• Discuss how the design process was applied to objects around the PLTW Lab
• Choose an everyday object
• Brainstorm the needs and proportions (Keeping form follows function in mind, what would make this object 'better'?)
• Research and analyze the client and product

Tuesday, 2/3:

• Read excerpt from Don Norman's The Design of Everyday Things
• Concept sketch your object, include detailed multi-view sketches 

Wednesday, 2/4:

• Design CAD parts for the object
• Develop and refine the design

Thursday, 2/5:

• Work on presentation
• Write reflection blog post

Friday, 2/6:

• Critique

Reflection Post

1. Describe: Describe what you intended—colors, size shapes.
2. Analyze: Try to describe the process for how it is made.
3. Apply: Describe the ways it meets the project requirement
4. Associate: What does it remind you of?
5. Compare: To what is it similar? In what way is it unique?
6. Arguments: Take a stand, have an opinion. How could it be better?

Here's a preview of what's happening next week in the PLTW Lab.

Puzzle Design Process: Midterm Portfolio Review

Problem Statement

A local office furniture manufacturing company throws away tens of thousands of scrap 3⁄4” hardwood cubes that result from its furniture construction processes. The material is expensive, and the scrap represents a sizeable loss of profit.

Design Statement
Fine Office Furniture, Inc. would like to return value to its waste product by using it as the raw material for desktop novelty items that will be sold on the showroom floor. Design, build, test, document, and present a three-dimensional puzzle system that is made from the scrap hardwood cubes. The puzzle system must provide an appropriate degree of challenge to high school students.

Criteria

1. The puzzle must be fabricated from 27 – 3⁄4′′ hardwood cubes.
   
2. Thepuzzlesystemmustcontainexactlyfivepuzzleparts.
   
3. Eachindividualpuzzlepartmustconsistofatleastfour,butnomorethansix hardwood cubes that are permanently attached to each other.
   
4. Notwopuzzlepartscanbethesame.
   
5. Thefivepuzzlepartsmustassembletoforma21⁄4′′cube.
   
6. Somepuzzlepartsshouldinterlock.
   
7. Thepuzzleshouldrequirehighschoolstudentsanaverageof______minutes/ seconds to solve. (Fill in your target solution time.)
   

SubmittalCreate a project portfolio to include the following:

• Design Process Description, summarizing your work during each step of the design process
• Documentation, include written work, sketches, CAD parts, images, etc. to support your discussion. Specifically, documentation of:
• Brainstorm sketches of all possible part combos
• Cake layers for both designs
• Choice design, with explanation of why this is the best choice
• Multi-view for each part of final design
• Assemblage of one part from your partner's multi-view sketch
• CAD parts of final design

Survey

Please take a minute to complete this survey so that we can make this class more awesome!

Inventor Resources

If you're feeling ambitious, you've already created all five parts in Inventor, and you're ready to move on, you can create an assembly and drawing of your puzzle parts. This video gives a detailed explanation on how to do just that. (Please note that the cubes he is using in the video are 1/2", unlike our 3/4" cubes.)

Learning from videos like this can be incredibly helpful! Do some Googling of your own to find Inventor resources that help answer any questions that you may have.

Cube Quality Control

Today’s consumers are constantly trying to judge the quality of products. But what is quality? How and by whom is quality determined? Some would say the designer creates specifications, which in turn dictate the quality of a product. That quality is also based on the acceptable value of a part within a whole product. Statistics are commonly used in manufacturing processes to control and maintain quality.

This activity will allow you to apply statistics in order to analyze and determine the quality (as measured by the consistency of the size) of wooden cubes. The wooden cubes will be used in the upcoming Puzzle Cube Challenge. You will design and construct a puzzle cube as part of the challenge. The consistency in size of the wooden cubes will affect the quality of your final product.
 

Equipment

·         Engineering notebook

·         Pencil

·         Dial caliper

·         27 wooden cubes per student

 

Procedure

  

1. Each of you will receive a set of 27 wooden cubes (3/4 in.). Label each cube (1 through 27) lightly in pencil. Measure the side length of each block along the grain. When taking a measurement, position the block so the caliper measuring surfaces are touching the end grain faces. Record the measurements to create a data set. For this analysis a precision of .001 is necessary; therefore, record each measurement to the nearest one thousandth of an inch (.001 in).

2. Use Excel to perform a statistical analysis of the data to determine each of the following: Mean, Median, Mode, and Standard Deviation.                   

Create a histogram to represent the data. Use seven to ten class intervals (bin values). Be sure to label your axes and define units where appropriate.

 

 3.    Does your data appear to be normally distributed? Justify your answer.

 

 

 

 

  

Fling Machine

Ms. L's Fling Machine

There are many ways to solve a problem. Sometimes it is as simple as applying a piece of duct tape. Other times it takes months or years for a product to progress from an idea into full-scale production. Work with a partner to design and build a device to launch a cotton ball and send it as far as possible. 

Your team may receive points for the following.

• Creativity: Up to 10 points for creativity in the design and use of materials.
• Teamwork: Up to 10 points for how well your team works together.
• Performance: Using the landing point of the cotton ball that was propelled the furthest from the launch device, 2 points for each inch between the device and the point at which the cotton ball lands.

Analyze the cotton ball travel distance data that you collected, the design of your machine, and your effectiveness as a team. If you had the opportunity to optimize your design, what would you do differently? How could you improve the effectiveness of your team? Given the constraints, how do you feel teams solved the problem of building a fling machine?

Team	Distance
Juan & Catherine	68.5"
Austyn & Craig	37"
Ben & Jake	-14.25"
Diana & Archit	110.25"
Ganesh & Vijay	35"
Ashab & Matt	180" / -19"
Gagan & Alvin	238"
Sukjit & Amijot	0"
Sasha & William	12.25"
Katie & Sonia	-.75"
Meera & Sachi	150"
Pallavi & Austin	56.5"
Ryan & Paras	372.25"

Unit Conversion

Modern civilization cannot exist without measurement systems. Measurements are everywhere, and you use them every day. Every time you buy gas, check the outside temperature, or step on a weight scale, measurements are used to represent a quantity. The abilities to conduct, record, and convert measurements are necessary to understand our technological world and to carry on the business of living. Engineers of all disciplines are constantly required to work with measurements of a variety of quantities – length, area, volume, mass, force, time, temperature, electric current, etc. It is often necessary to be able to express those measurements in different units.

Research, explore, and develop your own understanding of unit conversion. Then, work with a team to create a lesson that shares what you learned with the class. Your lesson should make us think and be fun!

Your lesson must cover:

• The purpose of unit conversion
• Conversion factor formula
• Conversion of units in both SI and US Systems
• How to write numbers in the SI System
• Dimensional analysis
• Unit prefixes
• Rules of exponents
• Precision versus accuracy
• Significant figures

Essential Question:

What would happen if engineers did not follow accepted dimensioning standards and guidelines but, instead, used their own individual dimensioning methods?

Color Theory

Designers choose specific colors to use in their design, and we call that a color scheme. Color theory is having the knowledge to mix colors and put colors together in a way that is right for your design. You will spend this week exploring colors all around you!

Research color schemes (monochromatic colors, analogous colors, complementary colors, triadic colors, and split-complementary) and color theory. Create a new blog post that addresses these points:

• define color scheme
• define and show examples of each type of color scheme
• monochromatic
• analogous
• complementary
• triadic
• split-complementary
•  define and show examples of 3 primary, 3 secondary, and 6 tertiary colors

Curious how we'll be using color next week? Check out this blog post from Modern Mechanix to get a preview.

Multi-View Sketching

You’ve practiced different techniques for sketching objects so that they appear to have a three-dimensional quality. These techniques are excellent for quickly communicating ideas to both technical and non-technical people. Those who make their living building ideas require a different type of drawing format. A multi-view sketch, also referred to as an orthographic projection sketch, is the standard sketch format used by engineers to communicate ideas to professionals in the building trades.

Study various objects to identify their surfaces for the top, front, and right side views. Share your multi-view drawings in a post.

Design Solution Concepts

Image Credit: Concept Sketches on Behance

This week you'll share a concept sketch for your design solution. This may be a sketch of a product, an environment, a person... it all depends on your solution! Be sure that your concept is solid before you start sketching. You should have done plenty of brainstorming and research to identify a solution that does not yet exist, and has plenty of pros to outweigh any cons. 

Please fill out this quick form, outlining your design solution, so that I can make sure you've got all the help you need to develop your solution.

More concept sketching inspiration here.

Concept Sketch Rubric

Line Work

Take a minute to reflect on your work from this week. Create a new post that includes photos of your line work from this week, and answer the following questions:

What emotions do lines communicate?
What feedback did your partner provide on your line work?

Then enter your feedback for your partner on the form here.

Product Improvement

What is it about the products you use everyday that you like? What causes you to want to buy a cell phone or a backpack? Is it the commercials or the appearance of the product? Whatever the reason, design plays a vital role in the creation and marketing of any product.

Procedure

This activity is designed to provide an introduction to design. As a team of two, you will brainstorm ways to enhance or change an everyday object so that nearly every consumer would want to purchase it.

1. Brainstorm for 15 minutes with your team to identify enhancements or changes that you would make to the item. Changes or enhancements could be anything; you are not limited by cost. 
2. Select ideas to enhance or change the item from the brainstorming list. 
3. Each member of the team should develop and sketch a potential change or enhancement to your product.
4. Your team will take five additional minutes to develop a justification for each potential change to the item.
5. Your team speaker will present your changes to the class. 

Process Statement

• What factors must be considered when changing or enhancing a design?
• Why is it important to document the brainstorming process?
• What is the purpose of sketching your ideas?
• What effective or ineffective techniques did the group speaker use to communicate your idea to the class?

Self as Designer

I chose to use a camera and Photoshop to create this image because those are tools that I am comfortable using. I would like to continue learning how to use Illustrator as a tool for making vector images.

These are the goals I hope to accomplish at the end of our time together:

• demonstrate an understanding of the elements and principles of design through the completion of complex projects and the development of problem solving skills
• communicate visually
• develop an understanding of scale, proportion and spatial relationships for the purpose of developing visual presentation and building aesthetic value

• ongoing portfolio of work

Bridge Design

Solving a problem is an amazingly creative process. Creativity can be messy. However, creativity can be channeled into a meaningful solution by using a structured design process. In this activity your team will design a solution to a problem using an engineering design process. You will document the process in your engineering notebook.

 

 

Procedure

1.    Follow the direction of the teacher while completing this activity.

2.    Use the design process learned earlier in this lesson. Document each step in your engineering notebook.

 

3.    Design and build a product that maximizes the distance between two blocks which are connected by a continuous route of paper. The product must meet the constraints below.

a.    The paper must form a continuous chain of connectivity from one block to another without touching the tabletop.

b.    Paper-to-paper linkage will be considered continuous.

c.    The two wooden blocks are ¾ in. wooden blocks.

d.    Both blocks are at table height.

e.    Card stock can be modified.

f.     Additional material can be used during construction, but not on the final product.

4.    The winning design meets the constraints above with the blocks farthest apart.

 

Process Statement:

1.    Why do you think brainstorming is helpful when solving a problem? 

2.    How did testing improve your design? 

3.    With respect to designing the solution of a problem, what are some important characteristics of a successful team?